@InProceedings{SouzaLRFC:2009:RaSeOv,
               author = "Souza, Everaldo B. de and Lopes, Marcio N. G. and Rocha, Edson J. 
                         P. da and Souza and {Jos{'e}} and de, R. S. and Ferreira, Douglas 
                         B. S. and Chaves, Patricia M.",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "The rainy season over the eastern Amazon as depicted by REGCM3 
                         regional simulations",
                 year = "2009",
         organization = "International Conference on Southern Hemisphere Meteorology and 
                         Oceanography, 9.",
             keywords = "x.",
             abstract = "The intrinsic characteristic of the Amazonian climate in the 
                         tropical Brazil is the existence of a complex and high temporal 
                         and spatial variability of the tropical convective activity and 
                         precipitation, which are the most important climate variables of 
                         the region. In the context of tropical climate dynamics, it is 
                         well known that the Amazonian precipitation variability is related 
                         to near-global ocean-atmospheric patterns associated with the El 
                         Niņo-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) over the Pacific Ocean, as well 
                         as the interhemispheric north-south sea surface temperature (SST) 
                         gradient mode over the tropical Atlantic Ocean (De Souza et al., 
                         2000). Through significant changes in large-scale atmospheric 
                         circulation patterns, they both Pacific ENSO and Atlantic gradient 
                         modes interfere on convective activity related to both the 
                         Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and South Atlantic 
                         Convergence Zone (SACZ), which are the main rainbearing systems of 
                         the Brazilian Amazon during the rainy season (De Souza et al., 
                         2005). Here the focus is on eastern Amazon adjacent to the 
                         tropical Atlantic basin, where is observed an annual 
                         climatological precipitation maximum between 2000 to 3000 mm 
                         (Figueroa and Nobre, 1990). Most of the precipitation occurs 
                         during the rainy season, typically from January to April (Marengo 
                         et al., 2001; De Souza et al., 2004; De Souza and Rocha, 2006). 
                         Previous papers investigated the performance of global and 
                         regional models in simulating atmospheric circulation and rainfall 
                         patterns over South America (e.g., Cavalcanti et al., 2002; Misra, 
                         2003; Sun et al., 2006; Cuadra and Rocha, 2006; Seth et al., 
                         2007). Such studies reported that the main climatological 
                         tropospheric circulation aspects are well represented by models, 
                         but there are some systematic errors in rainfall modelled with 
                         overall dry bias over Brazilian Amazon (Marengo, 2003; Fernandez 
                         et al., 2006; Oyama, 2006). The present paper presents a 
                         contribution on tropical climate modeling studies with emphasis on 
                         the seasonal precipitation during the core of the rainy season 
                         (February to April) over the Brazilian eastern Amazon through 
                         RegCM3 climatological simulations for a 27 years period (1982 to 
                         2008) considering high resolution domain scale (30 Km). 
                         Qualitative and quantitative validations are analyzed with 
                         reference to observational data base containing regional 
                         precipitation aspects extracted from a dense rain gauge station 
                         network. The objective is to document the regional precipitation 
                         anomalies patterns observed over the eastern Amazon and how well 
                         the RegCM3 simulations capture such regional rainfall distribution 
                         during contrasting years associated with large-scale climate 
                         scenarios verified in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.",
  conference-location = "Melbourne Australia",
      conference-year = "9 - 13 Feb",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "pdf_branco.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "20 maio 2024"
}